轻度盐碱地玉米专用肥缓效氮不同添加比例的研究

针对山西省晋北区域盐碱耕地玉米生产中存在肥料施用针对性不强的问题,本试验利用已有的山西省晋北区域盐碱地玉米缓释专用肥配方,探索适合该区域玉米生产的缓效氮和速效氮适当配比,并在春玉米生产中验证其肥效。试验设不施氮肥(CK)、100%速效氮、25%缓效氮、33%缓效氮、50%缓效氮、67%缓效氮、75%缓效氮和100%缓效氮8个处理,分别测定各处理玉米产量、各生育时期干物质量、植株吸氮量、氮素转运及利用以及收获后对土壤硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,随着缓效氮添加比例的增加,玉米各生育时期分析指标均呈现先增加后减小的波动性变化,其中添加33%缓效氮处理为最大波峰处。添加缓效氮33%较100%速效氮处理能够有效增加玉米产量、地上部干物质积累量和吸氮量,提高玉米对氮素的利用,获得最高产量(14 897.46 kg·hm-2),比100%速效氮处理增产42.23%;同时添加33%缓效氮处理产量构成因素优于其他处理,和100%速效氮处理相比,穗长、穗粒数、穗直径和百粒重分别提高55.34%、39.30%、53.57%和52.57%,平均秃尖缩短0.38 cm;玉米成熟期地上部干物质积累量和吸氮量最大,分别为26 787.53 kg·hm-2和239.72 kg·hm-2;该处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力及氮肥农学效率均最大,分别为39.79%、66.20 kg·kg-1和47.03 kg·kg-1。添加33%缓效氮处理玉米叶氮转运率和茎氮转运率分别为76.08%和49.39%,氮转移率为67.76%、氮收获指数为77.40%,显著高于100%速效氮处理。添加缓效氮有效改善了各土层土壤硝态氮的积累量,其中缓效氮添加比例为33%处理各土层硝态氮积累量均匀,深层土壤淋溶最小。可见,在山西晋北区域盐碱耕地春玉米生产中,在已有配方中选择添加33%缓效氮能达到玉米增产增效、保护环境的效果,在该地区玉米生产中应用前景广阔。     

三种禾谷类作物强、弱势粒淀粉粒形态与粒度分布的比较

本研究以水稻品种武运粳24和扬两优6号、小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13及玉米品种登海11和农乐988为试验材料,分别提取其成熟期强、弱势粒的淀粉粒,观察比较不同作物及其强、弱势粒间淀粉粒形态和淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分布特性。结果表明,3种禾谷类作物间淀粉粒形态大小差异明显,粒径表现为玉米>小麦>水稻。水稻淀粉粒呈有棱角的无规则状,小麦淀粉粒呈透镜体状或球体状,玉米淀粉粒呈椭球体状、多面体状或圆球体状。水稻和玉米淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分别成单峰、三峰和双峰分布;小麦淀粉粒数量呈单峰分布,体积呈微弱的四峰分布,表面积呈三峰分布。水稻、小麦和玉米淀粉粒按各自粒径不同人为划分为小淀粉粒、中淀粉粒和大淀粉粒,分界线分别为1.5 μm和20.0 μm、5.0 μm和50.0 μm、4.0 μm和50.0 μm。3种作物籽粒淀粉粒的总体积主要决定于中淀粉粒体积。3种作物的强、弱势粒间小淀粉粒粒度分布比例及中淀粉粒所占数量比例没有明显差异,但各作物强势粒的中淀粉粒所占的体积和表面积比例均显著高于弱势粒,大淀粉粒的分布比例低于弱势粒。强、弱势粒的中淀粉粒所占体积比例与其淀粉积累量和粒重的高低变化趋势一致。表明淀粉粒体积是决定粒重的一个重要因素,增加弱势粒的中淀粉粒体积或减小大淀粉粒体积可望增加其粒重。     

强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布特征及其对弱光的响应

 【目的】揭示强筋小麦淀粉粒度分布特征,探讨小麦挑旗后不同阶段弱光对其胚乳淀粉粒度分布特征的影响。【方法】利用自制遮荫棚设挑旗-开花、花后1～10 d、花后11～20 d、花后21～30 d弱光处理,以大田种植小麦为对照,对2个强筋小麦品种（藁城8901和济南17）在不同弱光处理下胚乳中淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布进行分析测定。【结果】小麦胚乳不同粒径淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布均呈双峰曲线变化。B型淀粉粒（直径<10 µm）占胚乳淀粉粒数目、体积和表面积的百分数分别为99.89%、46.85%和84.43%,A型淀粉粒（直径≥10 µm）的值分别为0.11%、53.15%和15.57%。挑旗后不同阶段弱光处理对小麦胚乳淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布均有明显影响。花后11～20 d弱光处理时A型淀粉粒的数目百分数显著降低,其它处理变化不明显;弱光对B型淀粉粒内部的数目分布状况影响显著,且此影响存在遮光时期、基因型和粒位的差异。挑旗～开花弱光处理后,藁城8901强势粒BS型（直径<1 µm）淀粉粒数目降低,BL型（直径1～10 µm）淀粉粒升高,而弱势粒呈相反趋势;济南17强势粒的淀粉粒数目分布变化不显著,而弱势粒BS型淀粉粒数目降低,BL型淀粉粒升高。灌浆前期弱光处理提高小麦胚乳中BS型淀粉粒数目,中后期弱光处理提高BL型淀粉粒数目,且中期弱光处理的作用大于后期。2个品种B型淀粉粒的体积和表面积在灌浆前期弱光处理后显著提高,而A型淀粉粒的体积和表面积降低;挑旗～开花和灌浆中后期弱光处理后,A和B型淀粉粒的体积和表面积变化呈现与灌浆前期相反的趋势。【结论】强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布呈双峰曲线变化。弱光对强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布存在显著影响。     

土地利用变化对土壤水稳性团聚体轻组有机碳的影响

对福建省建瓯市农业利用(坡耕地、茶园、橘园)和林业利用(杉木、木荷、封育)土地不同土层(0-10 cm、10-20 cm)土壤团聚体轻组有机碳进行研究.结果表明:土壤表层团聚体轻组物质含量一般高于次表层,它们占土壤质量比例分别为0.01%-0.42%与0.01%-0.28%,林地土壤团聚体轻组有机碳浓度显著高于农地.林地开垦农用后,土壤各粒级团聚体轻组碳都发生大幅度损失(橘园除外),轻组有机碳贮量损失最高达90%,土壤总轻组有机碳与>2 mm、0.5-2 mm、<0.25mm粒径团聚体轻组有机碳呈显著正相关.轻组碳比全碳更能反映由于土地利用变化导致有机质损失的敏感程度.     

Numerical simulation of solid liquid flow of Yangtze River water in a semi annulus reentry tube

The flow of Yangtze River water in a semi annulus reentry tube was numerically simulated using a Eulerian Two phase Flow Model and computational fluid dynamics. The results show that, for Reynolds number Re=28×104, silt particles with representative diameter ds=0030 3 mm are separated in reentry tubes of all curvature (R/r) sizes, while silt particles with ds=0010 2 mm separate only slightly. Silt particles with ds=0108 5 mm, which posses a strong separation effect, are separated relatively less in reentry tubes of R/r=10~40 than in tubes with other R/r sizes.     

Vineyard evaporative fraction based on eddy covariance in an arid desert region of Northwest China

Studying farmland evaporative fraction (EF) plays an important role in interpreting the components of energy budget and evapotranspiration (ET). The present study examines the pattern of vineyard EF after monitoring energy components by eddy covariance for 2 years, and estimates the crop ET by EF in the arid desert region of Northwest China. Main results indicate that EF during daytime is nearly constant on sunny days when the available energy exceeds 200 W m⁻², but EF becomes relatively unsteady when the available energy is lower than 200 W m⁻². Furthermore, daytime average EF is relatively low in the early growth stage, nearly constant in the mid-later stage, and significantly reduced in the later stage; Moreover, mean EF in different periods of daytime is in good agreement with daytime average EF, mean EF during 10:00–15:00 h is relatively close to daytime average EF and mean EF during 14:00–15:00 h is approximately equal to daytime average EF. The estimated daytime ET from mean EF during 14:00–15:00 h is highly correlated to the measured ET by Bowen ratio-energy balance though the value is partially underestimated. This study demonstrated that daytime ET can be estimated from midday EF and the relationship can be used to guide irrigation practice in the arid region.     

不同粒级煤矸石风化物矿质元素的含量变化及风化程度分析

以抚顺矿区汪良排土场、东排土场和西排土场为研究对象,选择荒草地类型区进行采样,研究了不同粒级煤矸石风化物矿质元素含量的变化,并对不同粒级煤矸石风化物成壤指标进行了测定。结果表明,随煤矸石风化物堆积年限的增加,SiO2,Al2O3和Fe2O3的含量在不同粒级间变化不大,K2O,Na2O,CaO,MgO的含量变化明显;由各个成壤指标来看,煤矸石堆积物的风化程度随堆积年限的增长和粒级的减小而增强。     

Selectivity in a trawl codend during haul-back operation—An overlooked phenomenon

The selectivity of a 99 mm trawl codend was assessed using a codend cover fitted with a MultiSampler, which was acoustically triggered to take separate samples at three different phases of the haul. The first sample was collected during towing, the second during haul-up and the third at the surface. A total of 18 hauls were conducted with a commercial fishing vessel west of Scotland. It was demonstrated that escapes take place not only during the tow but also in the short period when the trawl is hauled back from the seabed and when the codend is at the surface. For haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), respectively, the mean percentages escaping at the surface were 16, 12 and 38% of the total escape while 17, 8 and 28% escaped during the haul-up phase. Compared to towing, the escape rate (no./min) increased for haddock by a factor 2.7 during haul-up and by a factor 1.7 at the surface, whereas the escape rates of whiting were similar for the three phases. The escape rate of Norway lobster increased by a factor of approximately 7 for both the haul-up and surface phases, compared to the towing phase. The selectivity parameters L50 (50% retention length) and SR (selection range = L75–L25) were estimated and compared for the three different phases and for the whole haul for haddock, whiting and Norway lobster. For all three species there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in L50 between the three phases of the haul. There was also no significant difference for whiting and Norway lobster when comparing the SR of the three phases, whereas the SR was significantly lower for haddock when comparing the surface phase with towing and haul-up. The estimate of L50 when towing was about 6 cm lower for haddock and whiting and 9 mm for Norway lobster compared to the selection curve estimated conventionally for the whole haul. Finally, the effect of sea state, duration and codend catch on the selectivity parameters were estimated for the individual phases and for the whole haul. A significant effect of at least one variable was found in all phases.     

钼对大鼠肝微粒体苯胺羟化酶活力的影响

为研究钼对大鼠肝微粒体中苯胺羟化酶的影响,将50只大鼠随机分为5个组,4个试验组每天分别灌服剂量为8.325、16.65、33.3、66.6 mg/kg的钼酸胺,对照组每天灌服三重蒸馏水,持续灌服2周,然后处死5个组所有大鼠,采用钙沉淀法制备大鼠肝微粒体,再用对氨基酚量法测定苯胺羟化酶的活力.结果显示,4个试验组的苯胺羟化酶的活力分别为2.724 4±0.037 5、2.681 8±0.187 8、2.347 4±0.095 3、2.304 6±0.110 9 nmol/(mg·min),对照组为1.921 0±0.074 3 nmol/(mg·min).与对照组相比,4个试验组苯胺羟化酶的活力都极显著升高(P＜0.01),并且随着剂量增大而逐渐上升.由此证明,钼酸胺口服剂量在8.325 mg/kg～66.6 mg/kg范围内能使大鼠苯胺羟化酶的活力增强.